Polymeric vector is a kind of nanocarrier which received much attention because of the low immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, ingredients variability and structural stability [97]. Some studies have reported the modulation of miR-34a in the response of tumor cell to chemotherapy [98]. In view of this, one research elucidated an innovative nanoplatform which response for acid microenvironment and high glutathione (GSH) in tumor cells to accelerate drug release so as to combat with chemoresistance. The authors conjugated polycarbonate backbone with rubone (RUB), an activator of miR-34a, and diisopropylamino ethanol to made P-RUB which could assemble into micelles by itself. And docetaxel (DTX) was encapsulated in P-RUB micellar core to form DTX/P-RUB micelles. This system could diffuse and disassemble to release DTX and RUB fleetly in condition of protonation and GSH induced disulfide bond cleavage, thus playing antitumor effect by increasing the expression of endogenous miR-34a and decreasing the expression of drug resistance genes. The authors demonstrated that DTX/P-RUB micelles, not DTX or RUB, inhibited the proliferation of taxane resistant (TXR) prostate cancer cells and induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Moreover, PC3-TXR nude mice which treated with DTX/P-RUB micelles showed smaller tumor volume and lower tumor burden. The polymeric delivery system exhibited high antitumor activity via integrating miR-34a and DTX [99]. Ideal polymeric delivery vectors can be achieved by choosing desired materials. A polymer nanosystem vector namely ROSE which based on polyethylenimine and cyclodextrin was exploited to deliver miR-34a. The results showed that ROSE/miR-34a therapy inhibited tumor growth in mice bearing xenograft HCC tumors [100]. 7C1, a kind of nanoparticle polymeric vector, was used to deliver miR-34a systemically in a LAC model. In this model, the tumor progression was attenuation. And the anticancer effect became more prominent in condition of treatment with miR-34a and siRNA-Kras together [101].
Abstract:Entomopathogenic fungi are the only insect pathogens able to infect their host by adhesion to the surface and penetration through the cuticle. Although the possibility of fungal infection per os was described almost a century ago, there is an information gap of several decades regarding this topic, which was poorly explored due to the continuous elucidation of cuticular infection processes that lead to insect death by mycosis. Recently, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the genomes of the main entomopathogenic fungi became available, and many fungal genes potentially useful for oral infection were described. Among the entomopathogenic Hypocreales that have been sequenced, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae) is the main candidate to explore this pathway since it has a major number of shared genes with other non-fungal pathogens that infect orally, such as Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae). This finding gives B. bassiana a potential advantage over other entomopathogenic fungi: the possibility to infect through both routes, oral and cuticular. In this review, we explore all known entry gates for entomopathogenic fungi, with emphasis on the infection per os. We also set out the fungal infection process in a more integral approach, as a need to exploit its full potential for insect control, considering all of its virulence factors and the conditions needed to improve its virulence against insect that might offer some resistance to the common infection through the cuticle.Keywords: Beauveria bassiana; Metarhizium spp.; oral infection; per os entry; bacterial-like toxins
Death Gate Cycle Epub Download 33
Using RAGE-deficient mice, we found that alveolar macrophages from RAGE-deficient mice impaired the phagocytic capacity for apoptotic cells, indicating that alveolar macrophages can recognize and phagocytize apoptotic cells through RAGE. We then examined whether sRAGE administration influenced macrophage phagocytosis because sRAGE functions as an endogenous competitive inhibitor of ligand engagement by cell-surface RAGE. sRAGE administration attenuated the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by wild-type alveolar macrophages, also confirming that RAGE plays a role in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. sRAGE also decreased the phagocytic activity of RAGE-deficient alveolar macrophages, possibly suggesting that sRAGE also blocks other types of PS receptor-mediated phagocytosis. We also investigated the intracellular signalling and revealed that Rac1 is activated due to PS recognition through RAGE in alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that RAGE is one of the PS receptors that recognize apoptotic cells. We also examined whether RAGE works for the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. We administrated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mouse airway, which induced neutrophil migration into the airspace. Once neutrophils migrate, they undergo programmed cell death [33] and are then removed from the airspace through phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages [34]. This resolution process starts in the first few hours after inflammation begins [35]. We observed that more apoptotic neutrophils existed in RAGE-deficient mice during LPS-induced lung injury. RAGE-deficient mice showed a significant increase in the accumulation of inflammatory cells, demonstrating that the deletion of RAGE in macrophages impairs the clearance of apoptotic cells. In summary, the results of our study suggest that RAGE may be one of the PS receptors that recognize apoptotic cells and initiate the clearance of those cells (Fig. 1b). Moreover, sRAGE might inhibit the recognition of PS by cell-surface RAGE and other PS receptors during phagocytosis (Fig. 1b). The balance between sRAGE and mRAGE could modify the phagocytotic activity of macrophages, which might be important in the resolution of inflammation and in tissue regeneration after lung injury. Therefore, RAGE is a PS receptor that may play a role in the resolution of inflammation and in promoting tissue repair and regeneration after lung injury, suggesting that RAGE could be a potential new target for the treatment of human diseases.
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Mortality among PLHIV co-infected with TB is 1.4 times higher than in PLHIV who do not have TB. Since 2012 this increased mortality rate ratio has persisted for every year, although mortality rates for both groups have declined consistently since 2012. In PLHIV without TB mortality rates have declined by 52% over the 6 years from 38.2 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2012 to 18.2 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2017. In PLHIV co-infected with TB mortality has declined by 70% over the 6 years from 177.3 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2012 to 53.3 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2017. WHO reports have shown similar declines in mortality in other high TB burden countries, such as Central African Republic, Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, and Thailand [42]. The provision of ART for PLHIV has been very effective in reducing mortality, and PLHIV co-infected with TB have benefited more from these interventions as they had a higher mortality to start with.
Patient-derived antibodies from several cancer types bound to human tumor tissue but not adjacent normal tissue and also internalized into A549 lung tumor cells. These internalizing antibodies were able to induce target cell death in vitro when conjugated directly or indirectly to a cytotoxic agent across several human tumor cell lines.
Exhausted T cells express high levels of immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor. Preclinical and clinical data support the role of PD-1 and its ligand, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD- L1), in promoting tumor evasion by curtailing immune responses. In a Phase 1 clinical trial of the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody AB122, we determined receptor occupancy (RO) in peripheral blood T cells using a directly conjugated competitive antibody method. We contrasted the data quality and derived RO values to previously established methodology described for nivolumab using biotinylated anti-human IgG4.
In this single institutional trial, patients received standard palliative RT 30 Gy over 10 fractions to a single site of disease. Pembrolizumab 200 mg was given concurrently with RT with first dose concordant with the first fraction. Cycles repeated every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Peripheral blood was collected at baseline prior to first fraction of RT (C1D1 pembrolizumab) and 21 days after completion of RT (C2D15 pembrolizumab). Blood comprehensive immune profiling was interrogated using three 15-color flow cytometry panels. Abscopal responses were assessed using RECIST1.1 of lesions out of the field of RT.
Interactions between malignant and non-malignant cells create the tumor microenvironment (TME). The non-malignant cells of the TME have a dynamic and tumor-promoting function at all stages of carcinogenesis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are key components of the immune checkpoint pathway. They play a crucial role in the regulation of T-cell activation and their expression in TME constitutes a predictive biomarker in cancers. It has recently been shown that chemotherapeutic agents could modify tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we investigated the expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in primary and chemoreduced retinoblastoma to define their significance in the tumor microenvironment with patient prognosis. 2ff7e9595c
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